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Nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB)/Rel proteins control genes involved in inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, B-cell development inflammation, and stress responses.
In the canonical NF-kB pathway, IkB proteins bind and inhibit NF-kB/Rel proteins. A host of receptors activate an IKK complex that phosphorylates IkB proteins, triggering ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, liberating NF-kB/Rel complexes which ultimately migrate to the nucleus to upregulate target gene expression.
In the noncanonical pathway, specific receptor signaling activates kinase NIK, which activates IKKa complexes that phosphorylate residues in NF-kB2 p100. This process promotes ubiquitination and proteasomal cleavage to NF-kB2 p52. NF-kB p52/RelB complexes move to the nucleus to induce target gene expression.