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Anti-HMGB1 (Acetyl-K12) Antibody

Western blot analysis of HMGB1 (Acetyl-K12) expression in DLD (A), rat liver (B) whole cell lysates. (Predicted band size: 24 kD; Observed band size: 25 kD)
Immunofluorescent analysis of HMGB1 (Acetyl-K12) staining in 22RV1 cells. Formalin-fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 5-10 minutes and blocked with 3% BSA-PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with the primary antibody in 3% BSA-PBS and incubated overnight at 4 °C in a hidified chamber. Cells were washed with PBST and incubated with a AF488-conjugated secondary antibody (green) in PBS at room temperature in the dark. Phalloidin - AF594 was used to stain Actin filaments (red). DAPI was used to stain the cell nuclei (blue).
Direct ELISA antibody dose-response curve using Anti-HMGB1 (Acetyl-K12) Antibody. Antigen (Acetyl-peptide and non-acetyl-peptide) concentration is 5 ug/ml. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H&L) - HRP was used as the secondary antibody, and signal was developed by TMB substrate.

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Product Information
Application Applications Legend: E=ELISA WB=Western Blotting IHC=Immunohistochemistry IHC-P=Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin) IP=Immunoprecipitation IF=Immunofluorescence IC=Immunochemistry ICC=Immunocytochemistry FC=Flow Cytometry DB=Dot Blot	WB, IF/IC
Primary Accession	P09429
Reactivity	Human, Mouse, Rat, Pig, Chicken, Bovine, Dog, Mk
Host	Rabbit
Clonality	Polyclonal
Calculated MW	24894 Da

Additional Information
Gene ID	3146
Other Names	HMG1; High mobility group protein B1; High mobility group protein 1; HMG-1
Target/Specificity	KLH-conjugated synthetic acetylated peptide corresponding to residues surrounding K12 of human HMGB1 protein. The exact sequence is proprietary.
Dilution	WB~~WB (1/500 - 1/1000) IF/IC~~N/A
Format	Liquid in 0.42% Potassium phosphate, 0.87% Sodium chloride, pH 7.3, 30% glycerol, and 0.01% sodium azide.
Storage	Store at -20 °C.Stable for 12 months from date of receipt

For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures.

Protein Information
Name	HMGB1 (HGNC:4983)
Synonyms	HMG1
Function	Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability (PubMed:33147444). Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as a sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury (PubMed:27362237). Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors (PubMed:34743181). In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance (PubMed:23446148, PubMed:23519706, PubMed:23994764, PubMed:25048472). Has proangiogdenic activity (By similarity). May be involved in platelet activation (By similarity). Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide (By similarity). Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth (By similarity). May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins such as huntingtin (HTT) or TBP (PubMed:23303669, PubMed:25549101).
Cellular Location	Nucleus. Chromosome {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P10103, ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000305}. Cytoplasm. Secreted {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12231511, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:14532127, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:15944249, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:19811284, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:22869893, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:33147444}. Cell membrane {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:11154118}; Peripheral membrane protein {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:11154118}; Extracellular side {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:11154118}. Endosome {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P63158} Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P63158}. Note=In basal state predominantly nuclear. Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus (PubMed:12231511, PubMed:17114460). Translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon autophagy stimulation (PubMed:20819940). Release from macrophages in the extracellular milieu requires the activation of NLRC4 or NLRP3 inflammasomes (By similarity). Passively released to the extracellular milieu from necrotic cells by diffusion, involving the fully reduced HGMB1 which subsequently gets oxidized (PubMed:19811284) Also released from apoptotic cells (PubMed:16855214, PubMed:18631454) Active secretion from a variety of immune and non-immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells and natural killer cells in response to various stimuli such as LPS and cytokines involves a nonconventional secretory process via secretory lysosomes (PubMed:12231511, PubMed:14532127, PubMed:15944249). Secreted by plasma cells in response to LPS (By similarity). Found on the surface of activated platelets (PubMed:11154118). An increased chromatin association is observed when associated with the adenovirus protein pVII (PubMed:27362237). {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:11154118, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12231511, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:14532127, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:15944249, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:16855214, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:17114460, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:18631454, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:19811284, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:20819940, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:27362237, ECO:0000305\|PubMed:20123072}
Tissue Location	Ubiquitous. Expressed in platelets (PubMed:11154118).